# Source code for fontTools.varLib.merger

    """
    Merge OpenType Layout tables (GDEF / GPOS / GSUB).
    """
    import os
    import copy
    import enum
    from operator import ior
    import logging
    from fontTools.colorLib.builder import MAX_PAINT_COLR_LAYER_COUNT, LayerReuseCache
    from fontTools.misc import classifyTools
    from fontTools.misc.roundTools import otRound
    from fontTools.misc.treeTools import build_n_ary_tree
    from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otTables as ot
    from fontTools.ttLib.tables import otBase as otBase
    from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otConverters import BaseFixedValue
    from fontTools.ttLib.tables.otTraverse import dfs_base_table
    from fontTools.ttLib.tables.DefaultTable import DefaultTable
    from fontTools.varLib import builder, models, varStore
    from fontTools.varLib.models import nonNone, allNone, allEqual, allEqualTo, subList
    from fontTools.varLib.varStore import VarStoreInstancer
    from functools import reduce
    from fontTools.otlLib.builder import buildSinglePos
    from fontTools.otlLib.optimize.gpos import (
    	_compression_level_from_env,
    	compact_pair_pos,
    )

    log = logging.getLogger("fontTools.varLib.merger")

    from .errors import (
        ShouldBeConstant,
        FoundANone,
        MismatchedTypes,
        NotANone,
        LengthsDiffer,
        KeysDiffer,
        InconsistentGlyphOrder,
        InconsistentExtensions,
        InconsistentFormats,
        UnsupportedFormat,
        VarLibMergeError,
    )

    class Merger(object):

    	def __init__(self, font=None):
    		self.font = font
    		# mergeTables populates this from the parent's master ttfs
    		self.ttfs = None

    	@classmethod
    	def merger(celf, clazzes, attrs=(None,)):
    		assert celf != Merger, 'Subclass Merger instead.'
    		if 'mergers' not in celf.__dict__:
    			celf.mergers = {}
    		if type(clazzes) in (type, enum.EnumMeta):
    			clazzes = (clazzes,)
    		if type(attrs) == str:
    			attrs = (attrs,)
    		def wrapper(method):
    			assert method.__name__ == 'merge'
    			done = []
    			for clazz in clazzes:
    				if clazz in done: continue # Support multiple names of a clazz
    				done.append(clazz)
    				mergers = celf.mergers.setdefault(clazz, {})
    				for attr in attrs:
    					assert attr not in mergers, \
    						"Oops, class '%s' has merge function for '%s' defined already." % (clazz.__name__, attr)
    					mergers[attr] = method
    			return None
    		return wrapper

    	@classmethod
    	def mergersFor(celf, thing, _default={}):
    		typ = type(thing)

    		for celf in celf.mro():

    			mergers = getattr(celf, 'mergers', None)
    			if mergers is None:
    				break;

    			m = celf.mergers.get(typ, None)
    			if m is not None:
    				return m

    		return _default

    	def mergeObjects(self, out, lst, exclude=()):
    		if hasattr(out, "ensureDecompiled"):
    			out.ensureDecompiled(recurse=False)
    		for item in lst:
    			if hasattr(item, "ensureDecompiled"):
    				item.ensureDecompiled(recurse=False)
    		keys = sorted(vars(out).keys())
    		if not all(keys == sorted(vars(v).keys()) for v in lst):
    			raise KeysDiffer(self, expected=keys,
    				got=[sorted(vars(v).keys()) for v in lst]
    			)
    		mergers = self.mergersFor(out)
    		defaultMerger = mergers.get('*', self.__class__.mergeThings)
    		try:
    			for key in keys:
    				if key in exclude: continue
    				value = getattr(out, key)
    				values = [getattr(table, key) for table in lst]
    				mergerFunc = mergers.get(key, defaultMerger)
    				mergerFunc(self, value, values)
    		except VarLibMergeError as e:
    			e.stack.append('.'+key)
    			raise

    	def mergeLists(self, out, lst):
    		if not allEqualTo(out, lst, len):
    			raise LengthsDiffer(self, expected=len(out), got=[len(x) for x in lst])
    		for i,(value,values) in enumerate(zip(out, zip(*lst))):
    			try:
    				self.mergeThings(value, values)
    			except VarLibMergeError as e:
    				e.stack.append('[%d]' % i)
    				raise

    	def mergeThings(self, out, lst):
    		if not allEqualTo(out, lst, type):
    			raise MismatchedTypes(self,
    					expected=type(out).__name__,
    					got=[type(x).__name__ for x in lst]
    			)
    		mergerFunc = self.mergersFor(out).get(None, None)
    		if mergerFunc is not None:
    			mergerFunc(self, out, lst)
    		elif isinstance(out, enum.Enum):
    			# need to special-case Enums as have __dict__ but are not regular 'objects',
    			# otherwise mergeObjects/mergeThings get trapped in a RecursionError
    			if not allEqualTo(out, lst):
    				raise ShouldBeConstant(self, expected=out, got=lst)
    		elif hasattr(out, '__dict__'):
    			self.mergeObjects(out, lst)
    		elif isinstance(out, list):
    			self.mergeLists(out, lst)
    		else:
    			if not allEqualTo(out, lst):
    				raise ShouldBeConstant(self, expected=out, got=lst)

    	def mergeTables(self, font, master_ttfs, tableTags):
    		for tag in tableTags:
    			if tag not in font: continue
    			try:
    				self.ttfs = master_ttfs
    				self.mergeThings(font[tag], [m.get(tag) for m in master_ttfs])
    			except VarLibMergeError as e:
    				e.stack.append(tag)
    				raise

    #
    # Aligning merger
    #
    class AligningMerger(Merger):
    	pass

    @AligningMerger.merger(ot.GDEF, "GlyphClassDef")
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	if self is None:
    		if not allNone(lst):
    			raise NotANone(merger, expected=None, got=lst)
    		return

    	lst = [l.classDefs for l in lst]
    	self.classDefs = {}
    	# We only care about the .classDefs
    	self = self.classDefs

    	allKeys = set()
    	allKeys.update(*[l.keys() for l in lst])
    	for k in allKeys:
    		allValues = nonNone(l.get(k) for l in lst)
    		if not allEqual(allValues):
    			raise ShouldBeConstant(merger, expected=allValues[0], got=lst, stack=["." + k])
    		if not allValues:
    			self[k] = None
    		else:
    			self[k] = allValues[0]

    def _SinglePosUpgradeToFormat2(self):
    	if self.Format == 2: return self

    	ret = ot.SinglePos()
    	ret.Format = 2
    	ret.Coverage = self.Coverage
    	ret.ValueFormat = self.ValueFormat
    	ret.Value = [self.Value for _ in ret.Coverage.glyphs]
    	ret.ValueCount = len(ret.Value)

    	return ret

    def _merge_GlyphOrders(font, lst, values_lst=None, default=None):
    	"""Takes font and list of glyph lists (must be sorted by glyph id), and returns
    	two things:
    	- Combined glyph list,
    	- If values_lst is None, return input glyph lists, but padded with None when a glyph
    	  was missing in a list.  Otherwise, return values_lst list-of-list, padded with None
    	  to match combined glyph lists.
    	"""
    	if values_lst is None:
    		dict_sets = [set(l) for l in lst]
    	else:
    		dict_sets = [{g:v for g,v in zip(l,vs)} for l,vs in zip(lst,values_lst)]
    	combined = set()
    	combined.update(*dict_sets)

    	sortKey = font.getReverseGlyphMap().__getitem__
    	order = sorted(combined, key=sortKey)
    	# Make sure all input glyphsets were in proper order
    	if not all(sorted(vs, key=sortKey) == vs for vs in lst):
    		raise InconsistentGlyphOrder()
    	del combined

    	paddedValues = None
    	if values_lst is None:
    		padded = [[glyph if glyph in dict_set else default
    			   for glyph in order]
    			  for dict_set in dict_sets]
    	else:
    		assert len(lst) == len(values_lst)
    		padded = [[dict_set[glyph] if glyph in dict_set else default
    			   for glyph in order]
    			  for dict_set in dict_sets]
    	return order, padded

    @AligningMerger.merger(otBase.ValueRecord)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	# Code below sometimes calls us with self being
    	# a new object. Copy it from lst and recurse.
    	self.__dict__ = lst[0].__dict__.copy()
    	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst)

    @AligningMerger.merger(ot.Anchor)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	# Code below sometimes calls us with self being
    	# a new object. Copy it from lst and recurse.
    	self.__dict__ = lst[0].__dict__.copy()
    	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst)

    def _Lookup_SinglePos_get_effective_value(merger, subtables, glyph):
    	for self in subtables:
    		if self is None or \
    		   type(self) != ot.SinglePos or \
    		   self.Coverage is None or \
    		   glyph not in self.Coverage.glyphs:
    			continue
    		if self.Format == 1:
    			return self.Value
    		elif self.Format == 2:
    			return self.Value[self.Coverage.glyphs.index(glyph)]
    		else:
    			raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="single positioning lookup")
    	return None

    def _Lookup_PairPos_get_effective_value_pair(merger, subtables, firstGlyph, secondGlyph):
    	for self in subtables:
    		if self is None or \
    		   type(self) != ot.PairPos or \
    		   self.Coverage is None or \
    		   firstGlyph not in self.Coverage.glyphs:
    			continue
    		if self.Format == 1:
    			ps = self.PairSet[self.Coverage.glyphs.index(firstGlyph)]
    			pvr = ps.PairValueRecord
    			for rec in pvr: # TODO Speed up
    				if rec.SecondGlyph == secondGlyph:
    					return rec
    			continue
    		elif self.Format == 2:
    			klass1 = self.ClassDef1.classDefs.get(firstGlyph, 0)
    			klass2 = self.ClassDef2.classDefs.get(secondGlyph, 0)
    			return self.Class1Record[klass1].Class2Record[klass2]
    		else:
    			raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="pair positioning lookup")
    	return None

    @AligningMerger.merger(ot.SinglePos)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	self.ValueFormat = valueFormat = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat for l in lst], 0)
    	if not (len(lst) == 1 or (valueFormat & ~0xF == 0)):
    		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="single positioning lookup")

    	# If all have same coverage table and all are format 1,
    	coverageGlyphs = self.Coverage.glyphs
    	if all(v.Format == 1 for v in lst) and all(coverageGlyphs == v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst):
    		self.Value = otBase.ValueRecord(valueFormat, self.Value)
    		if valueFormat != 0:
    			merger.mergeThings(self.Value, [v.Value for v in lst])
    		self.ValueFormat = self.Value.getFormat()
    		return

    	# Upgrade everything to Format=2
    	self.Format = 2
    	lst = [_SinglePosUpgradeToFormat2(v) for v in lst]

    	# Align them
    	glyphs, padded = _merge_GlyphOrders(merger.font,
    					    [v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst],
    					    [v.Value for v in lst])

    	self.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs
    	self.Value = [otBase.ValueRecord(valueFormat) for _ in glyphs]
    	self.ValueCount = len(self.Value)

    	for i,values in enumerate(padded):
    		for j,glyph in enumerate(glyphs):
    			if values[j] is not None: continue
    			# Fill in value from other subtables
    			# Note!!! This *might* result in behavior change if ValueFormat2-zeroedness
    			# is different between used subtable and current subtable!
    			# TODO(behdad) Check and warn if that happens?
    			v = _Lookup_SinglePos_get_effective_value(merger, merger.lookup_subtables[i], glyph)
    			if v is None:
    				v = otBase.ValueRecord(valueFormat)
    			values[j] = v

    	merger.mergeLists(self.Value, padded)

    	# Merge everything else; though, there shouldn't be anything else. :)
    	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst,
    			    exclude=('Format', 'Coverage', 'Value', 'ValueCount', 'ValueFormat'))
    	self.ValueFormat = reduce(int.__or__, [v.getEffectiveFormat() for v in self.Value], 0)

    @AligningMerger.merger(ot.PairSet)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	# Align them
    	glyphs, padded = _merge_GlyphOrders(merger.font,
    				[[v.SecondGlyph for v in vs.PairValueRecord] for vs in lst],
    				[vs.PairValueRecord for vs in lst])

    	self.PairValueRecord = pvrs = []
    	for glyph in glyphs:
    		pvr = ot.PairValueRecord()
    		pvr.SecondGlyph = glyph
    		pvr.Value1 = otBase.ValueRecord(merger.valueFormat1) if merger.valueFormat1 else None
    		pvr.Value2 = otBase.ValueRecord(merger.valueFormat2) if merger.valueFormat2 else None
    		pvrs.append(pvr)
    	self.PairValueCount = len(self.PairValueRecord)

    	for i,values in enumerate(padded):
    		for j,glyph in enumerate(glyphs):
    			# Fill in value from other subtables
    			v = ot.PairValueRecord()
    			v.SecondGlyph = glyph
    			if values[j] is not None:
    				vpair = values[j]
    			else:
    				vpair = _Lookup_PairPos_get_effective_value_pair(
    					merger, merger.lookup_subtables[i], self._firstGlyph, glyph
    				)
    			if vpair is None:
    				v1, v2 = None, None
    			else:
    				v1 = getattr(vpair, "Value1", None)
    				v2 = getattr(vpair, "Value2", None)
    			v.Value1 = otBase.ValueRecord(merger.valueFormat1, src=v1) if merger.valueFormat1 else None
    			v.Value2 = otBase.ValueRecord(merger.valueFormat2, src=v2) if merger.valueFormat2 else None
    			values[j] = v
    	del self._firstGlyph

    	merger.mergeLists(self.PairValueRecord, padded)

    def _PairPosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger):
    	assert allEqual([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.PairSet]), "Report bug against fonttools."

    	# Merge everything else; makes sure Format is the same.
    	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst,
    			    exclude=('Coverage',
    				     'PairSet', 'PairSetCount',
    				     'ValueFormat1', 'ValueFormat2'))

    	empty = ot.PairSet()
    	empty.PairValueRecord = []
    	empty.PairValueCount = 0

    	# Align them
    	glyphs, padded = _merge_GlyphOrders(merger.font,
    					    [v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst],
    					    [v.PairSet for v in lst],
    					    default=empty)

    	self.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs
    	self.PairSet = [ot.PairSet() for _ in glyphs]
    	self.PairSetCount = len(self.PairSet)
    	for glyph, ps in zip(glyphs, self.PairSet):
    		ps._firstGlyph = glyph

    	merger.mergeLists(self.PairSet, padded)

    def _ClassDef_invert(self, allGlyphs=None):

    	if isinstance(self, dict):
    		classDefs = self
    	else:
    		classDefs = self.classDefs if self and self.classDefs else {}
    	m = max(classDefs.values()) if classDefs else 0

    	ret = []
    	for _ in range(m + 1):
    		ret.append(set())

    	for k,v in classDefs.items():
    		ret[v].add(k)

    	# Class-0 is special.  It's "everything else".
    	if allGlyphs is None:
    		ret[0] = None
    	else:
    		# Limit all classes to glyphs in allGlyphs.
    		# Collect anything without a non-zero class into class=zero.
    		ret[0] = class0 = set(allGlyphs)
    		for s in ret[1:]:
    			s.intersection_update(class0)
    			class0.difference_update(s)

    	return ret

    def _ClassDef_merge_classify(lst, allGlyphses=None):
    	self = ot.ClassDef()
    	self.classDefs = classDefs = {}
    	allGlyphsesWasNone = allGlyphses is None
    	if allGlyphsesWasNone:
    		allGlyphses = [None] * len(lst)

    	classifier = classifyTools.Classifier()
    	for classDef,allGlyphs in zip(lst, allGlyphses):
    		sets = _ClassDef_invert(classDef, allGlyphs)
    		if allGlyphs is None:
    			sets = sets[1:]
    		classifier.update(sets)
    	classes = classifier.getClasses()

    	if allGlyphsesWasNone:
    		classes.insert(0, set())

    	for i,classSet in enumerate(classes):
    		if i == 0:
    			continue
    		for g in classSet:
    			classDefs[g] = i

    	return self, classes

    def _PairPosFormat2_align_matrices(self, lst, font, transparent=False):

    	matrices = [l.Class1Record for l in lst]

    	# Align first classes
    	self.ClassDef1, classes = _ClassDef_merge_classify([l.ClassDef1 for l in lst], [l.Coverage.glyphs for l in lst])
    	self.Class1Count = len(classes)
    	new_matrices = []
    	for l,matrix in zip(lst, matrices):
    		nullRow = None
    		coverage = set(l.Coverage.glyphs)
    		classDef1 = l.ClassDef1.classDefs
    		class1Records = []
    		for classSet in classes:
    			exemplarGlyph = next(iter(classSet))
    			if exemplarGlyph not in coverage:
    				# Follow-up to e6125b353e1f54a0280ded5434b8e40d042de69f,
    				# Fixes https://github.com/googlei18n/fontmake/issues/470
    				# Again, revert 8d441779e5afc664960d848f62c7acdbfc71d7b9
    				# when merger becomes selfless.
    				nullRow = None
    				if nullRow is None:
    					nullRow = ot.Class1Record()
    					class2records = nullRow.Class2Record = []
    					# TODO: When merger becomes selfless, revert e6125b353e1f54a0280ded5434b8e40d042de69f
    					for _ in range(l.Class2Count):
    						if transparent:
    							rec2 = None
    						else:
    							rec2 = ot.Class2Record()
    							rec2.Value1 = otBase.ValueRecord(self.ValueFormat1) if self.ValueFormat1 else None
    							rec2.Value2 = otBase.ValueRecord(self.ValueFormat2) if self.ValueFormat2 else None
    						class2records.append(rec2)
    				rec1 = nullRow
    			else:
    				klass = classDef1.get(exemplarGlyph, 0)
    				rec1 = matrix[klass] # TODO handle out-of-range?
    			class1Records.append(rec1)
    		new_matrices.append(class1Records)
    	matrices = new_matrices
    	del new_matrices

    	# Align second classes
    	self.ClassDef2, classes = _ClassDef_merge_classify([l.ClassDef2 for l in lst])
    	self.Class2Count = len(classes)
    	new_matrices = []
    	for l,matrix in zip(lst, matrices):
    		classDef2 = l.ClassDef2.classDefs
    		class1Records = []
    		for rec1old in matrix:
    			oldClass2Records = rec1old.Class2Record
    			rec1new = ot.Class1Record()
    			class2Records = rec1new.Class2Record = []
    			for classSet in classes:
    				if not classSet: # class=0
    					rec2 = oldClass2Records[0]
    				else:
    					exemplarGlyph = next(iter(classSet))
    					klass = classDef2.get(exemplarGlyph, 0)
    					rec2 = oldClass2Records[klass]
    				class2Records.append(copy.deepcopy(rec2))
    			class1Records.append(rec1new)
    		new_matrices.append(class1Records)
    	matrices = new_matrices
    	del new_matrices

    	return matrices

    def _PairPosFormat2_merge(self, lst, merger):
    	assert allEqual([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.Class1Record]), "Report bug against fonttools."

    	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst,
    			    exclude=('Coverage',
    				     'ClassDef1', 'Class1Count',
    				     'ClassDef2', 'Class2Count',
    				     'Class1Record',
    				     'ValueFormat1', 'ValueFormat2'))

    	# Align coverages
    	glyphs, _ = _merge_GlyphOrders(merger.font,
    				       [v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst])
    	self.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs

    	# Currently, if the coverage of PairPosFormat2 subtables are different,
    	# we do NOT bother walking down the subtable list when filling in new
    	# rows for alignment.  As such, this is only correct if current subtable
    	# is the last subtable in the lookup.  Ensure that.
    	#
    	# Note that our canonicalization process merges trailing PairPosFormat2's,
    	# so in reality this is rare.
    	for l,subtables in zip(lst,merger.lookup_subtables):
    		if l.Coverage.glyphs != glyphs:
    			assert l == subtables[-1]

    	matrices = _PairPosFormat2_align_matrices(self, lst, merger.font)

    	self.Class1Record = list(matrices[0]) # TODO move merger to be selfless
    	merger.mergeLists(self.Class1Record, matrices)

    @AligningMerger.merger(ot.PairPos)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	merger.valueFormat1 = self.ValueFormat1 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat1 for l in lst], 0)
    	merger.valueFormat2 = self.ValueFormat2 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat2 for l in lst], 0)

    	if self.Format == 1:
    		_PairPosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger)
    	elif self.Format == 2:
    		_PairPosFormat2_merge(self, lst, merger)
    	else:
    		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="pair positioning lookup")

    	del merger.valueFormat1, merger.valueFormat2

    	# Now examine the list of value records, and update to the union of format values,
    	# as merge might have created new values.
    	vf1 = 0
    	vf2 = 0
    	if self.Format == 1:
    		for pairSet in self.PairSet:
    			for pairValueRecord in pairSet.PairValueRecord:
    				pv1 = getattr(pairValueRecord, "Value1", None)
    				if pv1 is not None:
    					vf1 |= pv1.getFormat()
    				pv2 = getattr(pairValueRecord, "Value2", None)
    				if pv2 is not None:
    					vf2 |= pv2.getFormat()
    	elif self.Format == 2:
    		for class1Record in self.Class1Record:
    			for class2Record in class1Record.Class2Record:
    				pv1 = getattr(class2Record, "Value1", None)
    				if pv1 is not None:
    					vf1 |= pv1.getFormat()
    				pv2 = getattr(class2Record, "Value2", None)
    				if pv2 is not None:
    					vf2 |= pv2.getFormat()
    	self.ValueFormat1 = vf1
    	self.ValueFormat2 = vf2

    def _MarkBasePosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger, Mark='Mark', Base='Base'):
    	self.ClassCount = max(l.ClassCount for l in lst)

    	MarkCoverageGlyphs, MarkRecords = \
    		_merge_GlyphOrders(merger.font,
    				   [getattr(l, Mark+'Coverage').glyphs for l in lst],
    				   [getattr(l, Mark+'Array').MarkRecord for l in lst])
    	getattr(self, Mark+'Coverage').glyphs = MarkCoverageGlyphs

    	BaseCoverageGlyphs, BaseRecords = \
    		_merge_GlyphOrders(merger.font,
    				   [getattr(l, Base+'Coverage').glyphs for l in lst],
    				   [getattr(getattr(l, Base+'Array'), Base+'Record') for l in lst])
    	getattr(self, Base+'Coverage').glyphs = BaseCoverageGlyphs

    	# MarkArray
    	records = []
    	for g,glyphRecords in zip(MarkCoverageGlyphs, zip(*MarkRecords)):
    		allClasses = [r.Class for r in glyphRecords if r is not None]

    		# TODO Right now we require that all marks have same class in
    		# all masters that cover them.  This is not required.
    		#
    		# We can relax that by just requiring that all marks that have
    		# the same class in a master, have the same class in every other
    		# master.  Indeed, if, say, a sparse master only covers one mark,
    		# that mark probably will get class 0, which would possibly be
    		# different from its class in other masters.
    		#
    		# We can even go further and reclassify marks to support any
    		# input.  But, since, it's unlikely that two marks being both,
    		# say, "top" in one master, and one being "top" and other being
    		# "top-right" in another master, we shouldn't do that, as any
    		# failures in that case will probably signify mistakes in the
    		# input masters.

    		if not allEqual(allClasses):
    			raise ShouldBeConstant(merger, expected=allClasses[0], got=allClasses)
    		else:
    			rec = ot.MarkRecord()
    			rec.Class = allClasses[0]
    			allAnchors = [None if r is None else r.MarkAnchor for r in glyphRecords]
    			if allNone(allAnchors):
    				anchor = None
    			else:
    				anchor = ot.Anchor()
    				anchor.Format = 1
    				merger.mergeThings(anchor, allAnchors)
    			rec.MarkAnchor = anchor
    		records.append(rec)
    	array = ot.MarkArray()
    	array.MarkRecord = records
    	array.MarkCount = len(records)
    	setattr(self, Mark+"Array", array)

    	# BaseArray
    	records = []
    	for g,glyphRecords in zip(BaseCoverageGlyphs, zip(*BaseRecords)):
    		if allNone(glyphRecords):
    			rec = None
    		else:
    			rec = getattr(ot, Base+'Record')()
    			anchors = []
    			setattr(rec, Base+'Anchor', anchors)
    			glyphAnchors = [[] if r is None else getattr(r, Base+'Anchor')
    					for r in glyphRecords]
    			for l in glyphAnchors:
    				l.extend([None] * (self.ClassCount - len(l)))
    			for allAnchors in zip(*glyphAnchors):
    				if allNone(allAnchors):
    					anchor = None
    				else:
    					anchor = ot.Anchor()
    					anchor.Format = 1
    					merger.mergeThings(anchor, allAnchors)
    				anchors.append(anchor)
    		records.append(rec)
    	array = getattr(ot, Base+'Array')()
    	setattr(array, Base+'Record', records)
    	setattr(array, Base+'Count', len(records))
    	setattr(self, Base+'Array', array)

    @AligningMerger.merger(ot.MarkBasePos)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	if not allEqualTo(self.Format, (l.Format for l in lst)):
    		raise InconsistentFormats(
    			merger,
    			subtable="mark-to-base positioning lookup",
    			expected=self.Format,
    			got=[l.Format for l in lst]
    		)
    	if self.Format == 1:
    		_MarkBasePosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger)
    	else:
    		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="mark-to-base positioning lookup")

    @AligningMerger.merger(ot.MarkMarkPos)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	if not allEqualTo(self.Format, (l.Format for l in lst)):
    		raise InconsistentFormats(
    			merger,
    			subtable="mark-to-mark positioning lookup",
    			expected=self.Format,
    			got=[l.Format for l in lst]
    		)
    	if self.Format == 1:
    		_MarkBasePosFormat1_merge(self, lst, merger, 'Mark1', 'Mark2')
    	else:
    		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="mark-to-mark positioning lookup")

    def _PairSet_flatten(lst, font):
    	self = ot.PairSet()
    	self.Coverage = ot.Coverage()

    	# Align them
    	glyphs, padded = _merge_GlyphOrders(font,
    				[[v.SecondGlyph for v in vs.PairValueRecord] for vs in lst],
    				[vs.PairValueRecord for vs in lst])

    	self.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs
    	self.PairValueRecord = pvrs = []
    	for values in zip(*padded):
    		for v in values:
    			if v is not None:
    				pvrs.append(v)
    				break
    		else:
    			assert False
    	self.PairValueCount = len(self.PairValueRecord)

    	return self

    def _Lookup_PairPosFormat1_subtables_flatten(lst, font):
    	assert allEqual([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.PairSet]), "Report bug against fonttools."

    	self = ot.PairPos()
    	self.Format = 1
    	self.Coverage = ot.Coverage()
    	self.ValueFormat1 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat1 for l in lst], 0)
    	self.ValueFormat2 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat2 for l in lst], 0)

    	# Align them
    	glyphs, padded = _merge_GlyphOrders(font,
    					    [v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst],
    					    [v.PairSet for v in lst])

    	self.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs
    	self.PairSet = [_PairSet_flatten([v for v in values if v is not None], font)
    		        for values in zip(*padded)]
    	self.PairSetCount = len(self.PairSet)
    	return self

    def _Lookup_PairPosFormat2_subtables_flatten(lst, font):
    	assert allEqual([l.ValueFormat2 == 0 for l in lst if l.Class1Record]), "Report bug against fonttools."

    	self = ot.PairPos()
    	self.Format = 2
    	self.Coverage = ot.Coverage()
    	self.ValueFormat1 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat1 for l in lst], 0)
    	self.ValueFormat2 = reduce(int.__or__, [l.ValueFormat2 for l in lst], 0)

    	# Align them
    	glyphs, _ = _merge_GlyphOrders(font,
    				       [v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst])
    	self.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs

    	matrices = _PairPosFormat2_align_matrices(self, lst, font, transparent=True)

    	matrix = self.Class1Record = []
    	for rows in zip(*matrices):
    		row = ot.Class1Record()
    		matrix.append(row)
    		row.Class2Record = []
    		row = row.Class2Record
    		for cols in zip(*list(r.Class2Record for r in rows)):
    			col = next(iter(c for c in cols if c is not None))
    			row.append(col)

    	return self

    def _Lookup_PairPos_subtables_canonicalize(lst, font):
    	"""Merge multiple Format1 subtables at the beginning of lst,
    	and merge multiple consecutive Format2 subtables that have the same
    	Class2 (ie. were split because of offset overflows).  Returns new list."""
    	lst = list(lst)

    	l = len(lst)
    	i = 0
    	while i < l and lst[i].Format == 1:
    		i += 1
    	lst[:i] = [_Lookup_PairPosFormat1_subtables_flatten(lst[:i], font)]

    	l = len(lst)
    	i = l
    	while i > 0 and lst[i - 1].Format == 2:
    		i -= 1
    	lst[i:] = [_Lookup_PairPosFormat2_subtables_flatten(lst[i:], font)]

    	return lst

    def _Lookup_SinglePos_subtables_flatten(lst, font, min_inclusive_rec_format):
    	glyphs, _ = _merge_GlyphOrders(font,
    		[v.Coverage.glyphs for v in lst], None)
    	num_glyphs = len(glyphs)
    	new = ot.SinglePos()
    	new.Format = 2
    	new.ValueFormat = min_inclusive_rec_format
    	new.Coverage = ot.Coverage()
    	new.Coverage.glyphs = glyphs
    	new.ValueCount = num_glyphs
    	new.Value = [None] * num_glyphs
    	for singlePos in lst:
    		if singlePos.Format == 1:
    			val_rec = singlePos.Value
    			for gname in singlePos.Coverage.glyphs:
    				i = glyphs.index(gname)
    				new.Value[i] = copy.deepcopy(val_rec)
    		elif singlePos.Format == 2:
    			for j, gname in enumerate(singlePos.Coverage.glyphs):
    				val_rec = singlePos.Value[j]
    				i = glyphs.index(gname)
    				new.Value[i] = copy.deepcopy(val_rec)
    	return [new]

    @AligningMerger.merger(ot.Lookup)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	subtables = merger.lookup_subtables = [l.SubTable for l in lst]

    	# Remove Extension subtables
    	for l,sts in list(zip(lst,subtables))+[(self,self.SubTable)]:
    		if not sts:
    			continue
    		if sts[0].__class__.__name__.startswith('Extension'):
    			if not allEqual([st.__class__ for st in sts]):
    				raise InconsistentExtensions(
    					merger,
    					expected="Extension",
    					got=[st.__class__.__name__ for st in sts]
    				)
    			if not allEqual([st.ExtensionLookupType for st in sts]):
    				raise InconsistentExtensions(merger)
    			l.LookupType = sts[0].ExtensionLookupType
    			new_sts = [st.ExtSubTable for st in sts]
    			del sts[:]
    			sts.extend(new_sts)

    	isPairPos = self.SubTable and isinstance(self.SubTable[0], ot.PairPos)

    	if isPairPos:
    		# AFDKO and feaLib sometimes generate two Format1 subtables instead of one.
    		# Merge those before continuing.
    		# https://github.com/fonttools/fonttools/issues/719
    		self.SubTable = _Lookup_PairPos_subtables_canonicalize(self.SubTable, merger.font)
    		subtables = merger.lookup_subtables = [_Lookup_PairPos_subtables_canonicalize(st, merger.font) for st in subtables]
    	else:
    		isSinglePos = self.SubTable and isinstance(self.SubTable[0], ot.SinglePos)
    		if isSinglePos:
    			numSubtables = [len(st) for st in subtables]
    			if not all([nums == numSubtables[0] for nums in numSubtables]):
    				# Flatten list of SinglePos subtables to single Format 2 subtable,
    				# with all value records set to the rec format type.
    				# We use buildSinglePos() to optimize the lookup after merging.
    				valueFormatList = [t.ValueFormat for st in subtables for t in st]
    				# Find the minimum value record that can accomodate all the singlePos subtables.
    				mirf = reduce(ior, valueFormatList)
    				self.SubTable = _Lookup_SinglePos_subtables_flatten(self.SubTable, merger.font, mirf)
    				subtables = merger.lookup_subtables = [
    					_Lookup_SinglePos_subtables_flatten(st, merger.font, mirf) for st in subtables]
    				flattened = True
    			else:
    				flattened = False

    	merger.mergeLists(self.SubTable, subtables)
    	self.SubTableCount = len(self.SubTable)

    	if isPairPos:
    		# If format-1 subtable created during canonicalization is empty, remove it.
    		assert len(self.SubTable) >= 1 and self.SubTable[0].Format == 1
    		if not self.SubTable[0].Coverage.glyphs:
    			self.SubTable.pop(0)
    			self.SubTableCount -= 1

    		# If format-2 subtable created during canonicalization is empty, remove it.
    		assert len(self.SubTable) >= 1 and self.SubTable[-1].Format == 2
    		if not self.SubTable[-1].Coverage.glyphs:
    			self.SubTable.pop(-1)
    			self.SubTableCount -= 1

    		# Compact the merged subtables
    		# This is a good moment to do it because the compaction should create
    		# smaller subtables, which may prevent overflows from happening.
    		# Keep reading the value from the ENV until ufo2ft switches to the config system
    		level = merger.font.cfg.get(
    			"fontTools.otlLib.optimize.gpos:COMPRESSION_LEVEL",
    			default=_compression_level_from_env(),
            )
    		if level != 0:
    			log.info("Compacting GPOS...")
    			self.SubTable = compact_pair_pos(merger.font, level, self.SubTable)
    			self.SubTableCount = len(self.SubTable)

    	elif isSinglePos and flattened:
    		singlePosTable = self.SubTable[0]
    		glyphs = singlePosTable.Coverage.glyphs
    		# We know that singlePosTable is Format 2, as this is set
    		# in _Lookup_SinglePos_subtables_flatten.
    		singlePosMapping = {
    			gname: valRecord
    			for gname, valRecord in zip(glyphs, singlePosTable.Value)
    		}
    		self.SubTable = buildSinglePos(singlePosMapping, merger.font.getReverseGlyphMap())
    	merger.mergeObjects(self, lst, exclude=['SubTable', 'SubTableCount'])

    	del merger.lookup_subtables

    #
    # InstancerMerger
    #

    class InstancerMerger(AligningMerger):
    	"""A merger that takes multiple master fonts, and instantiates
    	an instance."""

    	def __init__(self, font, model, location):
    		Merger.__init__(self, font)
    		self.model = model
    		self.location = location
    		self.scalars = model.getScalars(location)

    @InstancerMerger.merger(ot.CaretValue)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	assert self.Format == 1
    	Coords = [a.Coordinate for a in lst]
    	model = merger.model
    	scalars = merger.scalars
    	self.Coordinate = otRound(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(Coords, scalars))

    @InstancerMerger.merger(ot.Anchor)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	assert self.Format == 1
    	XCoords = [a.XCoordinate for a in lst]
    	YCoords = [a.YCoordinate for a in lst]
    	model = merger.model
    	scalars = merger.scalars
    	self.XCoordinate = otRound(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(XCoords, scalars))
    	self.YCoordinate = otRound(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(YCoords, scalars))

    @InstancerMerger.merger(otBase.ValueRecord)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	model = merger.model
    	scalars = merger.scalars
    	# TODO Handle differing valueformats
    	for name, tableName in [('XAdvance','XAdvDevice'),
    				('YAdvance','YAdvDevice'),
    				('XPlacement','XPlaDevice'),
    				('YPlacement','YPlaDevice')]:

    		assert not hasattr(self, tableName)

    		if hasattr(self, name):
    			values = [getattr(a, name, 0) for a in lst]
    			value = otRound(model.interpolateFromMastersAndScalars(values, scalars))
    			setattr(self, name, value)

    #
    # MutatorMerger
    #

    class MutatorMerger(AligningMerger):
    	"""A merger that takes a variable font, and instantiates
    	an instance.  While there's no "merging" to be done per se,
    	the operation can benefit from many operations that the
    	aligning merger does."""

    	def __init__(self, font, instancer, deleteVariations=True):
    		Merger.__init__(self, font)
    		self.instancer = instancer
    		self.deleteVariations = deleteVariations

    @MutatorMerger.merger(ot.CaretValue)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):

    	# Hack till we become selfless.
    	self.__dict__ = lst[0].__dict__.copy()

    	if self.Format != 3:
    		return

    	instancer = merger.instancer
    	dev = self.DeviceTable
    	if merger.deleteVariations:
    		del self.DeviceTable
    	if dev:
    		assert dev.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
    		varidx = (dev.StartSize << 16) + dev.EndSize
    		delta = otRound(instancer[varidx])
    		self.Coordinate += delta

    	if merger.deleteVariations:
    		self.Format = 1

    @MutatorMerger.merger(ot.Anchor)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):

    	# Hack till we become selfless.
    	self.__dict__ = lst[0].__dict__.copy()

    	if self.Format != 3:
    		return

    	instancer = merger.instancer
    	for v in "XY":
    		tableName = v+'DeviceTable'
    		if not hasattr(self, tableName):
    			continue
    		dev = getattr(self, tableName)
    		if merger.deleteVariations:
    			delattr(self, tableName)
    		if dev is None:
    			continue

    		assert dev.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
    		varidx = (dev.StartSize << 16) + dev.EndSize
    		delta = otRound(instancer[varidx])

    		attr = v+'Coordinate'
    		setattr(self, attr, getattr(self, attr) + delta)

    	if merger.deleteVariations:
    		self.Format = 1

    @MutatorMerger.merger(otBase.ValueRecord)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):

    	# Hack till we become selfless.
    	self.__dict__ = lst[0].__dict__.copy()

    	instancer = merger.instancer
    	for name, tableName in [('XAdvance','XAdvDevice'),
    				('YAdvance','YAdvDevice'),
    				('XPlacement','XPlaDevice'),
    				('YPlacement','YPlaDevice')]:

    		if not hasattr(self, tableName):
    			continue
    		dev = getattr(self, tableName)
    		if merger.deleteVariations:
    			delattr(self, tableName)
    		if dev is None:
    			continue

    		assert dev.DeltaFormat == 0x8000
    		varidx = (dev.StartSize << 16) + dev.EndSize
    		delta = otRound(instancer[varidx])

    		setattr(self, name, getattr(self, name, 0) + delta)

    #
    # VariationMerger
    #

    class VariationMerger(AligningMerger):
    	"""A merger that takes multiple master fonts, and builds a
    	variable font."""

    	def __init__(self, model, axisTags, font):
    		Merger.__init__(self, font)
    		self.store_builder = varStore.OnlineVarStoreBuilder(axisTags)
    		self.setModel(model)

    	def setModel(self, model):
    		self.model = model
    		self.store_builder.setModel(model)

    	def mergeThings(self, out, lst):
    		masterModel = None
    		origTTFs = None
    		if None in lst:
    			if allNone(lst):
    				if out is not None:
    					raise FoundANone(self, got=lst)
    				return

    			# temporarily subset the list of master ttfs to the ones for which
    			# master values are not None
    			origTTFs = self.ttfs
    			if self.ttfs:
    				self.ttfs = subList([v is not None for v in lst], self.ttfs)

    			masterModel = self.model
    			model, lst = masterModel.getSubModel(lst)
    			self.setModel(model)

    		super(VariationMerger, self).mergeThings(out, lst)

    		if masterModel:
    			self.setModel(masterModel)
    		if origTTFs:
    			self.ttfs = origTTFs

    def buildVarDevTable(store_builder, master_values):
    	if allEqual(master_values):
    		return master_values[0], None
    	base, varIdx = store_builder.storeMasters(master_values)
    	return base, builder.buildVarDevTable(varIdx)

    @VariationMerger.merger(ot.BaseCoord)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	if self.Format != 1:
    		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="a baseline coordinate")
    	self.Coordinate, DeviceTable = buildVarDevTable(merger.store_builder, [a.Coordinate for a in lst])
    	if DeviceTable:
    		self.Format = 3
    		self.DeviceTable = DeviceTable

    @VariationMerger.merger(ot.CaretValue)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	if self.Format != 1:
    		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="a caret")
    	self.Coordinate, DeviceTable = buildVarDevTable(merger.store_builder, [a.Coordinate for a in lst])
    	if DeviceTable:
    		self.Format = 3
    		self.DeviceTable = DeviceTable

    @VariationMerger.merger(ot.Anchor)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	if self.Format != 1:
    		raise UnsupportedFormat(merger, subtable="an anchor")
    	self.XCoordinate, XDeviceTable = buildVarDevTable(merger.store_builder, [a.XCoordinate for a in lst])
    	self.YCoordinate, YDeviceTable = buildVarDevTable(merger.store_builder, [a.YCoordinate for a in lst])
    	if XDeviceTable or YDeviceTable:
    		self.Format = 3
    		self.XDeviceTable = XDeviceTable
    		self.YDeviceTable = YDeviceTable

    @VariationMerger.merger(otBase.ValueRecord)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	for name, tableName in [('XAdvance','XAdvDevice'),
    				('YAdvance','YAdvDevice'),
    				('XPlacement','XPlaDevice'),
    				('YPlacement','YPlaDevice')]:

    		if hasattr(self, name):
    			value, deviceTable = buildVarDevTable(merger.store_builder,
    							      [getattr(a, name, 0) for a in lst])
    			setattr(self, name, value)
    			if deviceTable:
    				setattr(self, tableName, deviceTable)

    class COLRVariationMerger(VariationMerger):
    	"""A specialized VariationMerger that takes multiple master fonts containing
    	COLRv1 tables, and builds a variable COLR font.

    	COLR tables are special in that variable subtables can be associated with
    	multiple delta-set indices (via VarIndexBase).
    	They also contain tables that must change their type (not simply the Format)
    	as they become variable (e.g. Affine2x3 -> VarAffine2x3) so this merger takes
    	care of that too.
    	"""

    	def __init__(self, model, axisTags, font, allowLayerReuse=True):
    		VariationMerger.__init__(self, model, axisTags, font)
    		# maps {tuple(varIdxes): VarIndexBase} to facilitate reuse of VarIndexBase
    		# between variable tables with same varIdxes.
    		self.varIndexCache = {}
    		# flat list of all the varIdxes generated while merging
    		self.varIdxes = []
    		# set of id()s of the subtables that contain variations after merging
    		# and need to be upgraded to the associated VarType.
    		self.varTableIds = set()
    		# we keep these around for rebuilding a LayerList while merging PaintColrLayers
    		self.layers = []
    		self.layerReuseCache = None
    		if allowLayerReuse:
    			self.layerReuseCache = LayerReuseCache()
    		# flag to ensure BaseGlyphList is fully merged before LayerList gets processed
    		self._doneBaseGlyphs = False

    	def mergeTables(self, font, master_ttfs, tableTags=("COLR",)):
    		if "COLR" in tableTags and "COLR" in font:
    			# The merger modifies the destination COLR table in-place. If this contains
    			# multiple PaintColrLayers referencing the same layers from LayerList, it's
    			# a problem because we may risk modifying the same paint more than once, or
    			# worse, fail while attempting to do that.
    			# We don't know whether the master COLR table was built with layer reuse
    			# disabled, thus to be safe we rebuild its LayerList so that it contains only
    			# unique layers referenced from non-overlapping PaintColrLayers throughout
    			# the base paint graphs.
    			self.expandPaintColrLayers(font["COLR"].table)
    		VariationMerger.mergeTables(self, font, master_ttfs, tableTags)

    	def checkFormatEnum(self, out, lst, validate=lambda _: True):
    		fmt = out.Format
    		formatEnum = out.formatEnum
    		ok = False
    		try:
    			fmt = formatEnum(fmt)
    		except ValueError:
    			pass
    		else:
    			ok = validate(fmt)
    		if not ok:
    			raise UnsupportedFormat(
    				self, subtable=type(out).__name__, value=fmt
    			)
    		expected = fmt
    		got = []
    		for v in lst:
    			fmt = getattr(v, "Format", None)
    			try:
    				fmt = formatEnum(fmt)
    			except ValueError:
    				pass
    			got.append(fmt)
    		if not allEqualTo(expected, got):
    			raise InconsistentFormats(
    				self,
    				subtable=type(out).__name__,
    				expected=expected,
    				got=got,
    			)
    		return expected

    	def mergeSparseDict(self, out, lst):
    		for k in out.keys():
    			try:
    				self.mergeThings(out[k], [v.get(k) for v in lst])
    			except VarLibMergeError as e:
    				e.stack.append(f"[{k!r}]")
    				raise

    	def mergeAttrs(self, out, lst, attrs):
    		for attr in attrs:
    			value = getattr(out, attr)
    			values = [getattr(item, attr) for item in lst]
    			try:
    				self.mergeThings(value, values)
    			except VarLibMergeError as e:
    				e.stack.append(f".{attr}")
    				raise

    	def storeMastersForAttr(self, out, lst, attr):
    		master_values = [getattr(item, attr) for item in lst]

    		# VarStore treats deltas for fixed-size floats as integers, so we
    		# must convert master values to int before storing them in the builder
    		# then back to float.
    		is_fixed_size_float = False
    		conv = out.getConverterByName(attr)
    		if isinstance(conv, BaseFixedValue):
    			is_fixed_size_float = True
    			master_values = [conv.toInt(v) for v in master_values]

    		baseValue = master_values[0]
    		varIdx = ot.NO_VARIATION_INDEX
    		if not allEqual(master_values):
    			baseValue, varIdx = self.store_builder.storeMasters(master_values)

    		if is_fixed_size_float:
    			baseValue = conv.fromInt(baseValue)

    		return baseValue, varIdx

    	def storeVariationIndices(self, varIdxes) -> int:
    		# try to reuse an existing VarIndexBase for the same varIdxes, or else
    		# create a new one
    		key = tuple(varIdxes)
    		varIndexBase = self.varIndexCache.get(key)

    		if varIndexBase is None:
    			# scan for a full match anywhere in the self.varIdxes
    			for i in range(len(self.varIdxes) - len(varIdxes) + 1):
    				if self.varIdxes[i:i+len(varIdxes)] == varIdxes:
    					self.varIndexCache[key] = varIndexBase = i
    					break

    		if varIndexBase is None:
    			# try find a partial match at the end of the self.varIdxes
    			for n in range(len(varIdxes)-1, 0, -1):
    				if self.varIdxes[-n:] == varIdxes[:n]:
    					varIndexBase = len(self.varIdxes) - n
    					self.varIndexCache[key] = varIndexBase
    					self.varIdxes.extend(varIdxes[n:])
    					break

    		if varIndexBase is None:
    			# no match found, append at the end
    			self.varIndexCache[key] = varIndexBase = len(self.varIdxes)
    			self.varIdxes.extend(varIdxes)

    		return varIndexBase

    	def mergeVariableAttrs(self, out, lst, attrs) -> int:
    		varIndexBase = ot.NO_VARIATION_INDEX
    		varIdxes = []
    		for attr in attrs:
    			baseValue, varIdx = self.storeMastersForAttr(out, lst, attr)
    			setattr(out, attr, baseValue)
    			varIdxes.append(varIdx)

    		if any(v != ot.NO_VARIATION_INDEX for v in varIdxes):
    			varIndexBase = self.storeVariationIndices(varIdxes)

    		return varIndexBase

    	@classmethod
    	def convertSubTablesToVarType(cls, table):
    		for path in dfs_base_table(
    			table,
    			skip_root=True,
    			predicate=lambda path: (
    				getattr(type(path[-1].value), "VarType", None) is not None
    			)
    		):
    			st = path[-1]
    			subTable = st.value
    			varType = type(subTable).VarType
    			newSubTable = varType()
    			newSubTable.__dict__.update(subTable.__dict__)
    			newSubTable.populateDefaults()
    			parent = path[-2].value
    			if st.index is not None:
    				getattr(parent, st.name)[st.index] = newSubTable
    			else:
    				setattr(parent, st.name, newSubTable)

    	@staticmethod
    	def expandPaintColrLayers(colr):
    		"""Rebuild LayerList without PaintColrLayers reuse.

    		Each base paint graph is fully DFS-traversed (with exception of PaintColrGlyph
    		which are irrelevant for this); any layers referenced via PaintColrLayers are
    		collected into a new LayerList and duplicated when reuse is detected, to ensure
    		that all paints are distinct objects at the end of the process.
    		PaintColrLayers's FirstLayerIndex/NumLayers are updated so that no overlap
    		is left. Also, any consecutively nested PaintColrLayers are flattened.
    		The COLR table's LayerList is replaced with the new unique layers.
    		A side effect is also that any layer from the old LayerList which is not
    		referenced by any PaintColrLayers is dropped.
    		"""
    		if not colr.LayerList:
    			# if no LayerList, there's nothing to expand
    			return
    		uniqueLayerIDs = set()
    		newLayerList = []
    		for rec in colr.BaseGlyphList.BaseGlyphPaintRecord:
    			frontier = [rec.Paint]
    			while frontier:
    				paint = frontier.pop()
    				if paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrGlyph:
    					# don't traverse these, we treat them as constant for merging
    					continue
    				elif paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers:
    					# de-treeify any nested PaintColrLayers, append unique copies to
    					# the new layer list and update PaintColrLayers index/count
    					children = list(_flatten_layers(paint, colr))
    					first_layer_index = len(newLayerList)
    					for layer in children:
    						if id(layer) in uniqueLayerIDs:
    							layer = copy.deepcopy(layer)
    							assert id(layer) not in uniqueLayerIDs
    						newLayerList.append(layer)
    						uniqueLayerIDs.add(id(layer))
    					paint.FirstLayerIndex = first_layer_index
    					paint.NumLayers = len(children)
    				else:
    					children = paint.getChildren(colr)
    				frontier.extend(reversed(children))
    		# sanity check all the new layers are distinct objects
    		assert len(newLayerList) == len(uniqueLayerIDs)
    		colr.LayerList.Paint = newLayerList
    		colr.LayerList.LayerCount = len(newLayerList)

    @COLRVariationMerger.merger(ot.BaseGlyphList)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	# ignore BaseGlyphCount, allow sparse glyph sets across masters
    	out = {rec.BaseGlyph: rec for rec in self.BaseGlyphPaintRecord}
    	masters = [{rec.BaseGlyph: rec for rec in m.BaseGlyphPaintRecord} for m in lst]

    	for i, g in enumerate(out.keys()):
    		try:
    			# missing base glyphs don't participate in the merge
    			merger.mergeThings(out[g], [v.get(g) for v in masters])
    		except VarLibMergeError as e:
    			e.stack.append(f".BaseGlyphPaintRecord[{i}]")
    			e.cause["location"] = f"base glyph {g!r}"
    			raise

    	merger._doneBaseGlyphs = True

    @COLRVariationMerger.merger(ot.LayerList)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	# nothing to merge for LayerList, assuming we have already merged all PaintColrLayers
    	# found while traversing the paint graphs rooted at BaseGlyphPaintRecords.
    	assert merger._doneBaseGlyphs, "BaseGlyphList must be merged before LayerList"
    	# Simply flush the final list of layers and go home.
    	self.LayerCount = len(merger.layers)
    	self.Paint = merger.layers

    def _flatten_layers(root, colr):
    	assert root.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers
    	for paint in root.getChildren(colr):
    		if paint.Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers:
    			yield from _flatten_layers(paint, colr)
    		else:
    			yield paint

    def _merge_PaintColrLayers(self, out, lst):
    	# we only enforce that the (flat) number of layers is the same across all masters
    	# but we allow FirstLayerIndex to differ to acommodate for sparse glyph sets.

    	out_layers = list(_flatten_layers(out, self.font["COLR"].table))

    	# sanity check ttfs are subset to current values (see VariationMerger.mergeThings)
    	# before matching each master PaintColrLayers to its respective COLR by position
    	assert len(self.ttfs) == len(lst)
    	master_layerses = [
    		list(_flatten_layers(lst[i], self.ttfs[i]["COLR"].table))
    		for i in range(len(lst))
    	]

    	try:
    		self.mergeLists(out_layers, master_layerses)
    	except VarLibMergeError as e:
    		# NOTE: This attribute doesn't actually exist in PaintColrLayers but it's
    		# handy to have it in the stack trace for debugging.
    		e.stack.append(".Layers")
    		raise

    	# following block is very similar to LayerListBuilder._beforeBuildPaintColrLayers
    	# but I couldn't find a nice way to share the code between the two...

    	if self.layerReuseCache is not None:
    		# successful reuse can make the list smaller
    		out_layers = self.layerReuseCache.try_reuse(out_layers)

    	# if the list is still too big we need to tree-fy it
    	is_tree = len(out_layers) > MAX_PAINT_COLR_LAYER_COUNT
    	out_layers = build_n_ary_tree(out_layers, n=MAX_PAINT_COLR_LAYER_COUNT)

    	# We now have a tree of sequences with Paint leaves.
    	# Convert the sequences into PaintColrLayers.
    	def listToColrLayers(paint):
    		if isinstance(paint, list):
    			layers = [listToColrLayers(l) for l in paint]
    			paint = ot.Paint()
    			paint.Format = int(ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers)
    			paint.NumLayers = len(layers)
    			paint.FirstLayerIndex = len(self.layers)
    			self.layers.extend(layers)
    			if self.layerReuseCache is not None:
    				self.layerReuseCache.add(layers, paint.FirstLayerIndex)
    		return paint

    	out_layers = [listToColrLayers(l) for l in out_layers]

    	if len(out_layers) == 1 and out_layers[0].Format == ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers:
    		# special case when the reuse cache finds a single perfect PaintColrLayers match
    		# (it can only come from a successful reuse, _flatten_layers has gotten rid of
    		# all nested PaintColrLayers already); we assign it directly and avoid creating
    		# an extra table
    		out.NumLayers = out_layers[0].NumLayers
    		out.FirstLayerIndex = out_layers[0].FirstLayerIndex
    	else:
    		out.NumLayers = len(out_layers)
    		out.FirstLayerIndex = len(self.layers)

    		self.layers.extend(out_layers)

    		# Register our parts for reuse provided we aren't a tree
    		# If we are a tree the leaves registered for reuse and that will suffice
    		if self.layerReuseCache is not None and not is_tree:
    			self.layerReuseCache.add(out_layers, out.FirstLayerIndex)

    @COLRVariationMerger.merger((ot.Paint, ot.ClipBox))
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	fmt = merger.checkFormatEnum(self, lst, lambda fmt: not fmt.is_variable())

    	if fmt is ot.PaintFormat.PaintColrLayers:
    		_merge_PaintColrLayers(merger, self, lst)
    		return

    	varFormat = fmt.as_variable()

    	varAttrs = ()
    	if varFormat is not None:
    		varAttrs = otBase.getVariableAttrs(type(self), varFormat)
    	staticAttrs = (c.name for c in self.getConverters() if c.name not in varAttrs)

    	merger.mergeAttrs(self, lst, staticAttrs)

    	varIndexBase = merger.mergeVariableAttrs(self, lst, varAttrs)

    	subTables = [st.value for st in self.iterSubTables()]

    	# Convert table to variable if itself has variations or any subtables have
    	isVariable = (
    		varIndexBase != ot.NO_VARIATION_INDEX
    		or any(id(table) in merger.varTableIds for table in subTables)
    	)

    	if isVariable:
    		if varAttrs:
    			# Some PaintVar* don't have any scalar attributes that can vary,
    			# only indirect offsets to other variable subtables, thus have
    			# no VarIndexBase of their own (e.g. PaintVarTransform)
    			self.VarIndexBase = varIndexBase

    		if subTables:
    			# Convert Affine2x3 -> VarAffine2x3, ColorLine -> VarColorLine, etc.
    			merger.convertSubTablesToVarType(self)

    		assert varFormat is not None
    		self.Format = int(varFormat)

    @COLRVariationMerger.merger((ot.Affine2x3, ot.ColorStop))
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	varType = type(self).VarType

    	varAttrs = otBase.getVariableAttrs(varType)
    	staticAttrs = (c.name for c in self.getConverters() if c.name not in varAttrs)

    	merger.mergeAttrs(self, lst, staticAttrs)

    	varIndexBase = merger.mergeVariableAttrs(self, lst, varAttrs)

    	if varIndexBase != ot.NO_VARIATION_INDEX:
    		self.VarIndexBase = varIndexBase
    		# mark as having variations so the parent table will convert to Var{Type}
    		merger.varTableIds.add(id(self))

    @COLRVariationMerger.merger(ot.ColorLine)
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	merger.mergeAttrs(self, lst, (c.name for c in self.getConverters()))

    	if any(id(stop) in merger.varTableIds for stop in self.ColorStop):
    		merger.convertSubTablesToVarType(self)
    		merger.varTableIds.add(id(self))

    @COLRVariationMerger.merger(ot.ClipList, "clips")
    def merge(merger, self, lst):
    	# 'sparse' in that we allow non-default masters to omit ClipBox entries
    	# for some/all glyphs (i.e. they don't participate)
    	merger.mergeSparseDict(self, lst)